Demonstrating the Real-World Significance of the Mid-Swing to Heel Strike Part of the Gait Cycle using Spectral Features

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) interrupts communication between the brain and other parts of the body causing functional deterioration. Gait impairment is a common finding in MS, one caused by several neurological symptoms. We perform an event-specific analysis to study the variable impact of MS on gait components. Our results show that the mid-swing to heel strike (HS) phase of a gait cycle is most indicative of motor problems. We apply the Hilbert-Huang transform to inertial gait data, corresponding to this phase, to extract the spectral features and study their relationships with the patient-reported outcomes. A number of strong and statistically significant dependencies were found, many having to do with activities of daily living and MS walking scale, leading to the conclusion that the disturbance in mid-swing to HS is specific to deterioration in physical functions. Spearman correlations coefficients and adjusted R squared values obtained using stepwise linear regression models are reported. We conclude that event-specific gait features can be used to quantify the precise impact of MS symptoms on gait phases and identify markers of balance, stability, or fall risk, etc. We believe that this information supplements on-going MS research and could be used to develop personalized disease-modifying therapies and exercises.