Behavior vs. Introspection: Refining Prediction of Clinical Depression via Smartphone Sensing Data

Abstract

Depression is a serious health disorder. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of depression screening using sensor data collected from smartphones. We extract various behavioral features from smartphone sensing data and investigate the efficacy of various machine learning tools to predict clinical diagnoses and PHQ-9 scores (a quantitative tool for aiding depression screening in practice). A notable feature of our study is that we leverage a dataset that includes clinical ground truth. We find that behavioral data from smartphones can predict clinical depression with good accuracy. In addition, combining behavioral data and PHQ-9 scores can provide prediction accuracy significantly exceeding each in isolation, indicating that behavioral data captures relevant features that are not reflected by PHQ-9 scores. Finally, we develop multi-feature regression models for PHQ-9 scores that achieve significantly improved accuracy compared to direct regression models based on single features.